Conventional Cytogenetics involves the microscopic analysis of chromosomes to identify numerical and structural abnormalities. Using cell culture, mitotic arrest, harvesting, and G-banding techniques, chromosomes are visualised under a light microscope, allowing detection of aneuploidies, large deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations at a resolution of 5–10 Mb. Despite being a low-resolution technique compared to molecular methods, conventional cytogenetics remains a cornerstone in clinical diagnostics, particularly in hematological malignancies, solid tumors, prenatal testing, and infertility evaluation. It provides essential information on clonal evolution, disease classification, and prognosis, often guiding therapeutic decisions and complementing molecular cytogenetic and genomic platforms.
